![]() Charles Homer Haskins wrote in " The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century" (Harvard University Press, 1927) that there were three main periods that saw resurgences in the art and philosophy of antiquity: the Carolingian Renaissance, which occurred during the reign of Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (eighth and ninth centuries), the Ottonian Renaissance, which developed during the reigns of emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III (10th century) and the 12th century Renaissance. (Image credit: Leemage/Corbis via Getty Images)Ĭontrary to popular belief, classical texts and knowledge never completely vanished from Europe during the Middle Ages. In this painting by Jules Laure, Charlemagne is surrounded by his principal officers as he welcomes Alcuin who shows him manuscripts. Some major developments of the Renaissance include astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare's works. They expanded and interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific inquiry. ![]() They sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies. Renaissance thinkers considered the Middle Ages to have been a period of cultural decline. "Renaissance" comes from the French word for "rebirth." According to the City University of New York at Brooklyn, intense interest in and learning about classical antiquity was "reborn" after the Middle Ages, in which classical philosophy was largely ignored or forgotten. In Africa, it also brought about the birth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade that saw Black people shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere to work as slaves on European colonies. However, while the Renaissance brought about some positive changes for Europe, the geographical exploration that flourished during this time led to devastation for the people of the Western Hemisphere as European conquest and colonization brought plagues and slavery to the Indigenous people living there.
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